We offer APA, MLA, or a Chicago style paper in almost 70 disciplines. Here, you can get quality custom essays, as well as a dissertation, a research paper, or term papers for sale. Any paper will be written on time for a cheap price Long-term effects of incestuous child abuse in college women: Social adjustment, social cognition, and family characteristics. The Developmental Impact of Different Types of Child Abuse and Neglect. Background paper prepared for the National Research Council Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect. Page Share Cite Definitions of child abuse and neglect can include adults, young people and older children as the perpetrators of the abuse. It is commonly stated in legislation that the term ‘child abuse and neglect’ refers to behaviours and treatment that result in the actual and/or likelihood of harm to the child or young person. Furthermore, such
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If you require assistance or would like to talk to a trained professional about the issues described in this paper, please call Kids Helpline on 55 or Lifeline on 13 11 The purpose of this resource sheet is to provide practitioners, policy makers and researchers with a working definition of child abuse and neglect.
It provides a general definition of child abuse and neglect and definitions of the five commonly regarded subtypes. The resource sheet provides information about: whether the abuse types constitute grounds for protection of a child under child protection law; and whether the abuse types are a crime under criminal law, with the possibility of punishment of the offender.
For individuals working with children, it is important to be able to recognise child abuse and neglect when they come across it. For example, term paper on child abuse, if a practitioner knows that, or has reason to believe that, a child is being hit or disciplined in a concerning way, the first question the practitioner must ask themselves — is this, or might this be, child abuse?
If a practitioner believes or suspects child abuse or neglect, then a report must be made to child protection or the police for more detail, see Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse and Neglect. Although young people under the age of 18 are legally children Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 1calling a young person a child can fail to acknowledge some important differences between children and young people, such as the difference in their desire and capacity for self-determination.
Definitions of child abuse and neglect can include adults, young people and older children as the perpetrators of the abuse. Furthermore, such behaviours may be intentional or unintentional and can include acts of omission i. neglect and commission i. abuse Bromfield, ; Child Family Community Australia [CFCA], Legal definitions tend to be broad, while medical definitions such as what is provided by WHO, term paper on child abuse provide a more detailed explanation.
The way legislation defines child abuse and neglect matters. These laws have a direct influence on the outcomes of cases that are brought before a court. Legal definitions affect the attitudes and decisions of lawyers and judges. There are two legal systems set up to respond to and prevent child abuse and neglect ALRC, ; Plum, :. Child protection proceedings focus on whether the child is in need of protection ALRC, ; Plum, They do not make a judgment about the guilt of an accused.
For example, a child may have alleged sexual abuse by a parent. The criminal court may have judged an individual innocent of the crime of child sexual abuse but this does not mean that the civil child protection courts cannot make a ruling about the future safety of the child.
A child protection response is not, nor should it be, contingent on securing a conviction. ALRC,p. Criminal proceedings focus on judging the guilt of the accused, term paper on child abuse, with the outcome providing for the punishment of the offender, term paper on child abuse. Criminal proceedings generally focus on the past.
An exception to this is the placement of a convicted child sex offender on a sex offender register, which is future focused and based on crimes the offender may commit in the future Plum, term paper on child abuse Different types of child abuse and neglect have different features.
It is important to distinguish between what are commonly regarded as the five main subtypes of child abuse and neglect:. The features of these subtypes are detailed below, term paper on child abuse. Box 1 unpacks some of the difficulties and controversies around defining these five subtypes. Although there is a broad consensus on term paper on child abuse five subtypes of child abuse and neglect see belowdisagreement exists about exactly how to define and therefore recognise these subtypes.
For example:. It is not possible to provide definite answers to any of these questions. By drawing from research, their experience, using empathy and listening well, practitioners must exercise good professional judgement as they work with each unique child in each unique context, term paper on child abuse. It is also important for human services, health, criminal justice and other professionals to make term paper on child abuse collaboratively.
For example, in the case of Indigenous children and children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, it is important to involve specialist cultural advisers in planning and decision making.
This includes hitting, beating, kicking, shaking, biting, strangling, scalding, burning, poisoning and suffocating. Much physical violence against children in the home is inflicted with the object of punishing.
In all Australian jurisdictions, civil child protection legislation exists to protect children and young people from physical abuse. As previously stated, this civil legislation does not focus on the innocence or guilt of the alleged perpetrator, instead it focuses on the safety — particularly the future safety — of the child. Jurisdictional criminal laws in Australia deal with severe cases of child physical abuse such as those resulting in permanent or fatal injury as offences of violence.
The specific wording of these laws varies across jurisdictions ALRC, There is controversy about whether offences against children such as child physical abuse should be contained in civil child protection or criminal legislation.
For example, some submissions to the ALRC argued that child abuse offences should be located in the criminal law and that violence against a child should not be considered less serious than such acts against an adult. Alternatively, it was suggested that such offences should be located in civil child protection legislation, then decisions about whether to recommend criminal action could be managed by child welfare experts.
child protection workers, police, health professionals and other human services workerswho can make joint decisions about which legislation to use depending on factors such as the nature and severity of the child abuse offence ALRC, On the basis of the submissions received, the Commission term paper on child abuse no specific recommendation for change. According to a popular conception by Garbarino and colleaguesp. However, the difficulties in doing this are well documented Broadley, ; Goddard, ; Sheehan, Given these challenges, it is particularly important for child protection and child welfare professionals to work collaboratively to support families to build protective factors and protect children from emotional abuse.
Neglect includes both isolated incidents, as well as a pattern of failure over time on the part of a parent or other family member to provide for the development and wellbeing of the child — where the parent is in a position to do so — in one or more of the following areas:.
These cases can be difficult for child protection practitioners to take before the child protection court, particularly if the concerning parental behaviours are low impact and high frequency as opposed to high impact and low frequency.
In these situations, there is a responsibility on the state to provide support and assistance to the parents; and the parents have a responsibility to engage with and utilise these supports CFCA, In many Australian jurisdictions it is a criminal offence for those with parental responsibility to fail to provide a child with basic needs such as accommodation, food, education and health care, term paper on child abuse.
Across the jurisdictions, these laws are all drafted term paper on child abuse. For example, in the Northern Territory the offence relates to a child under two years. In NSW and Queensland, the offence relates to a child under seven years ALRC, For a more detailed overview of the issues surrounding child neglect, see the CFCA paper Understanding Child Neglect. The involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared, or else that violates the laws or social taboos of society.
Children can be sexually abused by both adults and other children who are — by virtue of their age or stage of development — in a position of responsibility, trust or power over the victim. Commonly the child will not have a parent who has or who is likely to protect them.
Various jurisdictions have civil child protection legislation that provides for specific types of sexual abuse.
In this resource sheet these different types of child sexual abuse are presented as:. Criminal laws across Australia consider sexual abuse to be sexual activity between any adult and a child under the age of consent. The age of consent is 16 years in most Australian jurisdictions see CFCA resource sheet Age of Consent Laws for a more detailed discussion. Therefore, in Australia, consensual sexual activity between a 20 year old and a 15 year old is a crime, while in most jurisdictions 2 the same activity between a 20 year old and a 17 year old is not a crime.
Under civil child protection legislation, a child or young person is in need of protection from an extra-familial abuser if the parents or carers are unwilling or unable or are likely to be unwilling or unable to protect the child or young person from the sexual abuse.
Intra-familial child sexual abuse is considered to be the most prevalent type of child sexual abuse Quadara et al. Perpetrators within this context include fathers, mothers, step-fathers, step-mothers, brothers, term paper on child abuse, sisters, aunts, uncles, cousins and grandparents, term paper on child abuse. In most Australian jurisdictions, sexual activity in the context of biological, term paper on child abuse, step-family and adoptive relationships are covered term paper on child abuse incest provisions ALRC, In some jurisdictions, the incest offence applies term paper on child abuse of age.
In other jurisdictions, general child sexual abuse offences are applicable to children and the incest offence relates to situations where the victim is over the age of 16 years ALRC, Under child protection legislation, a child or young person needs protection from an intra-familial abuser if there is no parent or carer who is or who is likely to be willing and able to protect the child or young person from the sexual abuse.
Child sexual abuse occurs when there is any sexual behaviour between a child and an adult in a position of power or authority over them e. a teacher. Under child protection legislation a child or young person needs protection if the parents or carers are not able, or are unlikely to be willing, to protect the child or young person from the sexual abuse.
The general age term paper on child abuse consent laws are inapplicable in these cases due to the strong imbalance of power that exists between children and young people and authority figures, as well as the breach of personal and public trust that occurs when professional boundaries are violated. when the adult is a teacher, health professional or religious leader ALRC, ; Australian Legal Information Institute, The terminology used to describe child sexual abuse that is perpetrated by children and young people is changeable El-Murr, It is important not to demonise the children and young people engaging in the abusive behaviour by calling them perpetrators or sex offenders El-Murr, term paper on child abuse, ; Fernandez, These children and young people are still developing and growing.
Labelling them may shame them and may deter them and their families from engaging with treatment and support Fernandez, However, it is important not to deny or minimise the harm that these children and young people cause to their victims and to themselves El-Murr, ; Fernandez, Research suggests that this type of sexual abuse is common, and that children and young people are most likely to experience sexual harm from other children and young people El-Murr, Such abuse often involves an older child or young person coercing or forcing a child who is younger, smaller or where there are marked developmental differences e.
if the victim child has a disability into sexual activity El-Murr, Even when there is no information term paper on child abuse suggest coercion, manipulation or force, this does not mean an absence of manipulation or pressure. Some Australian jurisdictions have child protection legislation e. New South Wales, term paper on child abuse, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria that allows for a diversionary pathway in place of a criminal justice response El-Murr, In some jurisdictions young people who have been found guilty of a child sexual abuse offence may be included on the sex offender register Victorian Law Reform Commission VLRC Research suggests that sibling sexual abuse occurs at similar or higher rates to other types of intra-familial sexual abuse Quadara et term paper on child abuse. This type of sexual abuse is when there is sexual activity between a child or young person and a sibling that is non-consensual or coercive, or where there is an inequality of power or development between them.
As stated above, there is civil child protection legislation in some Australian jurisdictions to enable therapeutic treatment for these children and young people in place of a criminal justice response. In other jurisdictions the question of whether there will be criminal justice intervention will depend on the age of the children and the nature of the offence El-Murr, Although consensual and apparently non-coercive sexual behaviour between similarly aged siblings may not be considered child sexual abuse, it is considered problematic and harmful, and professional intervention should be sought.
Online child sexual abuse can cause additional harm to children and young people beyond the abusive experience itself Quayle, Due to digital technology, offenders are able to take photos and videos of children and young people being sexually abused with little cost or effort, and often in the privacy of their term paper on child abuse homes Broughton, They are then able to communicate with other offenders via the internet and distribute their material online.
These photos and videos are a permanent product of the abuse.
New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research
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Long-term effects of incestuous child abuse in college women: Social adjustment, social cognition, and family characteristics. The Developmental Impact of Different Types of Child Abuse and Neglect. Background paper prepared for the National Research Council Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect. Page Share Cite Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child (whether by asking or pressuring, or by other means), indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.), child grooming, and child sexual exploitation The California child abuse reporting law: Issues and answers for professionals. Publication (10/86). This booklet is printed and distributed by the State of California Department for Social Services, Office of Child Abuse Prevention, P Street, M.S. , Sacramento, CA, Holmes, D.S
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