Aug 14, · Introduction. Doping, defined as use of drugs or other substances for performance enhancement, has become an important topic in virtually every sport1 and has been discovered in athletes of all ages and at every level of competition.2–4 See Table 1 for rates of use of a variety of substances, whether doping agents or recreational substances, among different populations of Jun 18, · University of Delaware. (, June 18). Managed retreat: A must in the war against climate change: New research finds that moving off the coast and away from floods can expand options That type of thesis is a long, well-written paper that takes years to piece together. Instead, we’re talking about a single sentence that ties together the main idea of any argument. In the context of student essays, it’s a statement that summarizes your topic and declares your position on it
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War is an intense armed conflict [a] between statesgovernmentssocietiesor paramilitary groups such as mercenariesinsurgentsand militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violenceaggressiondestruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. While some war studies scholars consider war a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature[3] others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic or ecological circumstances.
The word is related to the Old Saxon werranOld High German werranand the German verwirrenmeaning "to confuse", "to perplex", war on drugs research paper, and "to bring into confusion". The earliest evidence of prehistoric warfare is a Mesolithic cemetery in Jebel Sahabawhich has been determined to be approximately 14, years old. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death.
The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of war on drugs research paper advances led to modern warfare. According to Conway W. Henderson, "One source claims that 14, wars have taken place between BC and the late 20th century, costing 3.
For comparison, an estimated 1,, people died from infectious diseases in the 20th century. In War Before CivilizationLawrence H. Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres.
All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers. Scarcity of resources meant defensive works were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids. William Rubinstein wrote "Pre-literate societies, even those organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than conflicts and about battles have taken place.
Inin view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atom bombAlbert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. Mao Zedong urged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear war with the United States since, even if "half of mankind died, the other half would remain while imperialism would be razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist.
A distinctive feature of war since is the absence of wars between major powers—indeed the near absence of any traditional wars between established countries. The major exceptions were the Indo-Pakistani War ofthe Iran—Iraq War —, and the Gulf War of — Instead, combat has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies.
The Human Security Report documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early s. However, the evidence examined in the edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict" study indicated the overall decline in conflicts had stalled.
War aims may stand as a proxy for national-military resolve. Fried defines war aims as "the desired territorial, economic, military or other benefits expected following successful conclusion of a war". War aims can change in the course of conflict and may eventually morph into "peace conditions" [34] — the minimal conditions under which a state may cease to wage a particular war.
Throughout the course of human history, war on drugs research paper, the average number of people dying from war has fluctuated relatively little, being about 1 to 10 people dying perHowever, major wars over shorter periods have resulted in much higher casualty rates, with casualties perover a few years.
While conventional wisdom holds that casualties have increased in recent times due to technological improvements in warfare, this is not generally true. For instance, the Thirty Years' War — had about the same number of casualties per capita as World War I war on drugs research paper, although it was higher during World War II WWII. That said, overall the number of casualties from war has not significantly increased in recent times.
Quite to the contrary, on a global scale the time since WWII has been unusually peaceful. The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is World War IIfrom towith 60—85 million deaths, followed by the Mongol conquests [38] at up to 60 million, war on drugs research paper. As concerns a belligerent's losses in proportion to its prewar population, the most destructive war in modern history may have been the Paraguayan War see Paraguayan War casualties.
In war resulted in 31, deaths, down from 72, deaths in Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, war on drugs research paper, followed by the Second Sino-Japanese War which is sometimes considered part of World War IIor as overlapping. Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of World War II, being over 60 million, surpasses all other war-death-tolls.
Military war on drugs research paper subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorderdisease, injury, and death. In every war in which American soldiers have fought in, the chances of becoming a psychiatric casualty — of being debilitated for some period of time as a consequence of the stresses of military life — were greater than the chances of being killed by enemy fire.
During World War II, research conducted by War on drugs research paper Army Brigadier General S, war on drugs research paper. These studies suggest most military personnel resist firing their weapons in combat, war on drugs research paper, that — as some theorists argue — human beings have an inherent resistance to killing their fellow human beings. Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and compulsive states, and character disorders.
United States military casualties of war since have totaled over two million. Of the 60 million European military personnel war on drugs research paper were mobilized in World War I8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured.
During Napoleon 's retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the Russians. More military personnel were killed from to by typhus than from military action. It is estimated that between and, people per year died due to war. Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources which may lead to faminedisease, and death in the civilian population.
During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was reduced by 15 to 40 percent.
War also results in lower quality of life and worse health outcomes. Additionally, about 1. Most estimates of World War War on drugs research paper casualties indicate around 60 million people died, 40 million of whom were civilians. Once a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations.
In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions.
Typically, war becomes intertwined with the economy and many wars are partially or entirely based on economic reasons. Some economists [ who? out of the Great Depression by most Keynesian economistswar on drugs research paper, but in many cases, such as the wars of Louis XIV, war on drugs research paper, the Franco-Prussian Warand World War Iwarfare primarily results in damage to the economy of the countries involved. For example, war on drugs research paper, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of World War II was the most financially costly conflict in history; its belligerents cumulatively spent about a trillion U.
dollars war on drugs research paper the war effort as adjusted to prices. There are many theories about the motivations for war, but no consensus about which are most common. Dutch psychoanalyst Joost Meerloo held that, "War is often a mass discharge of accumulated internal rage where the inner fears of mankind are discharged in mass destruction. Other psychoanalysts such as E. Durban and War on drugs research paper Bowlby have argued human beings are inherently violent.
By this theory, the nation state preserves order in the local society while creating an outlet for aggression through warfare. The Italian psychoanalyst Franco Fornari, a follower of Melanie Kleinthought war was the paranoid or projective "elaboration" of mourning. For the adult, nations are the sacred objects that generate warfare. Fornari focused upon sacrifice as the essence of war: the astonishing willingness of human beings to die for their country, to give over their bodies to their nation.
Despite Fornari's theory that man's altruistic desire for self-sacrifice for a noble cause is a contributing factor towards war, few wars have originated from a desire for war among the general populace.
One psychological theory that looks at the leaders is advanced by Maurice Walsh. War is caused by leaders who seek war such as Napoleon and Hitler. Such leaders most often come to power in times of crisis when the populace opts for a decisive leader, who then leads the nation to war.
Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy.
All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country. Several theories concern the evolutionary origins of warfare. There are two main schools: One sees organized warfare as emerging in or after the Mesolithic as a result of complex social organization and greater population density and competition over resources; the other sees human warfare as a more ancient practice derived from common animal tendencies, such as territoriality and sexual competition.
The latter school argues that since warlike behavior patterns are found in many primate species such as chimpanzees[90] as well as in many ant species, [91] group conflict may be a general feature of animal social behavior. Some proponents of the idea argue that war, while innate, has been intensified greatly by developments of technology and social organization such as weaponry and states. Psychologist and linguist Steven Pinker argued that war-related behaviors may have been naturally selected in the ancestral environment due to the benefits of victory.
Crofoot and Wrangham have argued that warfare, if defined as group interactions in which "coalitions attempt to aggressively dominate or kill war on drugs research paper of other groups", is a characteristic of most human societies. Those in which it has been lacking "tend to be societies that were politically dominated by their neighbors". Ashley Montagu strongly denied universalistic instinctual arguments, arguing that social factors and childhood socialization are important in determining the nature and presence of warfare.
Thus, he argues, warfare is not a universal human occurrence and appears to have been a historical invention, associated with certain types of human societies. the Chewong and Semai of the Malay peninsula. Low has observed correlation between warfare and education, noting societies where warfare is commonplace encourage their children to be more aggressive.
War can be seen as a growth of economic competition in a competitive international system. In this view wars begin as a pursuit of markets for natural resources and for wealth. War has also been linked to economic development by economic historians and development economists studying state-building and fiscal capacity.
The Drug That Makes You Reek of Cat Piss - The War on Drugs
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Evidence for Policy Design (EPoD) conducts development economics research, training, and policy outreach. We aim to improve lives by designing, testing and enabling better policies worldwide. We work closely with policymakers to solve some of the most pressing policy problems through innovation, testing and iteration at all stages of solution State the research aims and /or research objectives (extract p of 17) Knowledge of the effects of fluoride on the reproductive processes of species within a forest community will help predict potential changes within the community following an increase in atmospheric fluoride due to additional industrial sources, such as aluminium smelters That type of thesis is a long, well-written paper that takes years to piece together. Instead, we’re talking about a single sentence that ties together the main idea of any argument. In the context of student essays, it’s a statement that summarizes your topic and declares your position on it
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